不同经营措施对毛竹林土壤有机碳的影响

【目的】毛竹在森林应对气候变化中发挥重要的作用,研究竹林不同经营措施的影响,进而了解植被生物量碳库及影响土壤碳库的状况。【方法】利用两因素随机区组设计,排除地形因子等影响,选取施肥和采伐留养方式2个因素,研究不同经营措施对毛竹林各土层2010—2013年土壤有机碳含量和贮量变化影响。【结果】1)不同经营措施0~10 cm层土壤有机碳含量变化最大,介于-0.52%(±0.62%)~0.75%±(0.44%)之间,其中A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)与A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)土壤有机碳含量变化量差异极显著(P<0.01);2)中等施肥0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量增量分别是大量施肥和不施肥的3.61倍和5.05倍,大量施肥和中等施肥0~10 cm层土壤有机碳贮量变化差异显著(P<0.05);3)弱度采伐0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量增量分别是强度采伐和中度采伐的5.51倍和1.63倍,强度采伐和弱度采伐0~10 cm层土壤有机碳贮量变化差异显著(P<0.05);4)不同经营措施0~50 cm土壤有机碳贮量变化介于-15.56(±10.21)~53.15(±37.81)t C·hm-2之间,其中A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)与A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)土壤有机碳贮量变化差异极显著(P<0.01);5)结合效应图得出结论,A2B3(中等施肥弱度采伐)的经营方案对0~50 cm土壤有机碳含量和贮量的积累效果最佳,而A1B1(大量施肥强度采伐)的经营方案最不利于0~50 cm土壤有机碳含量和贮量的积累。【结论】大量施肥强度采伐方式虽然可以保证竹材的大量输出,却会破坏原有的竹林生态结构,同时对土壤碳含量和贮量的影响尤为不利,从毛竹林生态系统碳汇积累角度考虑,并不是最可取的竹林经营方式。同时经营过程中,不同经营措施不仅会对土壤碳库产生影响,更会显著改变植被碳库状况,并伴随着碳排放和碳泄漏问题,这都将成为我们今后研究经营对竹林生态系统碳综合影响的各个因素和环节。     

ABT生根粉不同浓度对桂花扦插成活率影响试验

为提高桂花繁育技术,笔者用ABT生根粉不同浓度对日香桂进行处理,结果表明:4种处理浓度对桂花扦插成活率影响差异显著,其中以200 mg/L最好,150 mg/L次之,100mg/L及50 mg/L生根率低.因此桂花扦插繁育用200mg/L ABT处理浓度最好.     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

棉铃虫膨胀线粒体基因组的鉴定与分析

以已公布的棉铃虫线粒体DNA序列对来自4头棉铃虫雄蛹的DNA的三代测序数据进行筛选,获得了11条与线粒体DNA有同源性的三代read序列,并根据其中的read 66003鉴定出了一种膨胀的线粒体基因组。该线粒体基因组大小为27 113 bp,其保守区域包含13个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因以及1个AT富集区,与已公布的棉铃虫线粒体基因组的结构相似。膨胀区域位于cox1基因编码区内部,大小为11 467 bp,经预测含有一个完整的真核基因(依赖ATP的RNA解旋酶)以及多种转座元件的片段,但与线粒体DNA无同源性,也无I类或Ⅱ类内含子存在的证据。对田间和室内棉铃虫DNA样品的PCR扩增未能检测到膨胀线粒体基因组的存在。以上结果表明膨胀片段可能是细胞核DNA序列通过偶然的水平转移事件而整合到线粒体基因组中的,且该种膨胀方式的发生概率极低。本文报道的膨胀线粒体基因组为日后动物线粒体基因组学的研究提示了一种独特的变异方式。     

富锗金针菇菌丝体多糖的分离纯化及对自由基的清除能力

以金针菇为研究材料，通过液体发酵技术获得富锗金针菇菌丝体，对富锗金针菇菌丝体多糖进行了分离和纯化，通过体外抗氧化试验测定了富锗金针菇多糖对自由基的清除能力。试验表明:富锗金针菇菌丝体经提取纯化后得到单一组分多糖，纯度为99.78%，不含蛋白质；富锗金针菇菌丝体锗含量为7.42 mgg，有机锗的转化率为6.25%；富锗金针菇多糖经纯化后抗氧化性显著增强，对氧自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基均具有较好的清除作用，与空白对照相比均具有显著差异，自由基清除率随富锗多糖的浓度增加而增强。在试验范围内当富锗多糖浓度为900 μgmL时，对氧自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基的清除率最高分别达68.16%、64.26%和64.3%。该富锗多糖具备开发为天然抗氧化剂、功能性食品或药品的潜力。      

工业大麻机械化收割技术的研究

传统麻类作物的收割方式一直是制约麻类作物发展的重要因素,机械化收割是麻类作物发展的重要方式。为此,通过调研检索国内外麻类机械的相关文献资料,简述了国内外麻类作物机械化收割的现状和特点,并在系统地介绍和分析麻类作物收割机械的基础上,重点介绍圆盘切割装置的研究概况,阐述了国内外麻类收割机械的所具有的优势和不足,提出了适合中国工业大麻机械化收割的建议。     

亚洲棉EST-SNP的挖掘及其在陆地棉中的验证

【目的】随着不同棉种序列数据库的逐步完善以及高通量测序技术的发展,棉花单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记开发可利用的公共数据资源逐步增加。【方法】本研究基于陆地棉祖先基因组的现代种亚洲棉表达序列标签(Expressed sequence tag,EST)数据库,利用CAP3对亚洲棉EST数据库进行拼接。拼接获得7 187个重叠群(Contig),再利用Quality SNP软件进行SNP位点分析。【结果】在807条含有4条以上EST序列的Contig中查找到2 690个SNP位点。通过筛选次要等位基因频率大于30%的位点,获得953个可靠度较高的候选SNP,通过电子筛选,最终获得可用于陆地棉分析的SNP 149个,利用位点特异性聚合酶链式反应以及酶切扩增多态序列验证了EST-SNP的准确性。【结论】本研究证实基于亚洲棉EST数据库挖掘用于陆地棉研究的EST-SNP切实可行,并有望将EST-SNP用于陆地棉遗传图谱构建、重要性状的基因定位以及分子标记辅助育种。     

基于GIS的湖南省滑坡灾害风险和损失评估

[目的] 评估湖南省滑坡发生的风险和损失等级，丰富湖南省滑坡防治理论及方法，为该地减少滑坡灾害提供科学依据。[方法] 基于GIS技术和层次分析法（AHP）以DEM、遥感、气象、岩性、地震点等数据为支撑，分别从危险性评价和易损性评价两方面对湖南省滑坡风险进行评估。[结果] ①湖南省滑坡风险等级大多处于中低风险等级，少部分为较高风险或高风险等级，中度风险等级最多，占全省面积的31.31%，其余依次为较低、较高、低和高风险等级，其比例分别是24.92%，22.09%，13.88%和7.79%；②从空间格局来看，风险性等级整体呈现出中部、东南高，西南、东北低的空间分布特征；③湖南省滑坡损失等级整体呈现出东高西低，局部不均匀的分布特征。[结论] 湖南省滑坡灾害的管理主要应从预防和整治两方面进行，依据各地区常见滑坡类型，制定有针对性的区域差异化防治预案。